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| Paper: |
Review on Keplerian Recombination Algorithms: Unlocking HWO’s Potential to Detect Earth-like Exoplanets Around Nearby Stars |
| Monograph: |
11, HWO25 Proceedings Part II: Mission Framework, Technology, and Broader Contributions |
| Page: |
415 |
| Authors: |
H. Le Coroller, M. Nowak, N. C. Hara, J. B. Ruffio, M. McElwain, D. Mawet, M. Ould-Elhkim, B. Nemati, E. Choquet, A. Vigan, P. Defois, J. Dejonghe, S. Perruchot |
| DOI: |
10.26624/YOJX4859 |
| Abstract: |
We present Keplerian algorithms investigated within the context of the Coronagraph Concept of Operations and Post-Processing Subgroup of the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) project. Exoplanet orbital motion is important over the long exposure times (typically >10 hours) required for the Habitable Worlds Observatory to detect and characterize Earth-like planets around nearby stars (<10 pc). In an introduction, we review the history and state of the art of Keplerian algorithms that are able to detect planets moving along their orbits across a series of observations, even when their orbital parameters are entirely unknown and their signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is below 3 per individual epoch. We discuss the statistical methods, including Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to combine independent datasets (e.g., High Contrast Imaging, Radial Velocity, Proper Motion Anomaly) obtained at multiple epochs. We also present the capabilities required for the coronagraph instrument within the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) and the baseline operational needs for these Keplerian recombination algorithms. Finally, we describe the necessary simulations, along with the key parameters to vary, in order to test these Keplerian algorithms. We conclude that Keplerian algorithms may help to overcome barriers to detecting Earth-like planets with HWO. We also discuss how Keplerian algorithms can be utilized not only for detection but also for optimally combining observations for characterization purposes. Keplerian algorithms relax requirements by enabling extended exposure times while accounting for orbital motion. They are compatible with any high-contrast imaging techniques. Finally, we propose to study a metrology at the curvature center of the primary mirror that may enable precise wavefront control throughout the observation duration (e.g., >10 hours). In conjunction with Kepler algorithms, such a metrology system could reduce the need for telescope roll (for ADI) and slew (for RDI and digging the dark hole), thereby increasing the observing time to detect the planets and constrain their orbital parameters. |
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