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Paper: Off-Plane Gas and Galaxy Disks
Volume: 275, Disks of Galaxies: Kinematics, Dynamics and Perturbations
Page: 367
Authors: Sparke, L. S.
Abstract: Gas that orbits a disk galaxy, but does not lie in the plane of the disk, must have been perturbed or excited out of that plane, or have fallen in from outside. Recent work shows no easy path to exciting galactic warps of the amplitude that we observe. In polar ring galaxies, the outer, mainly gaseous, ring, appears to be younger than the inner stellar body; it may well be the relic of earlier infall or interaction.
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