Paper:	Simulations of Unstable Gaseous Disks and the Origin of Giant Planets
Volume:	294, Scientific Frontiers in Research on Extrasolar Planets
Page:	281
Authors:	Mayer, L.; Quinn, T.; Wadsley, J.; Stadel, J.
Abstract:	We study the evolution of cold, gravitationally unstable protoplanetary gaseous disks performing 3D SPH simulations with up to a million particles on large parallel machines. We show that self-gravitating protoplanets can form in disks with initial Qmin ∼ 1.4 provided that disks are evolved with a locally isothermal equation of state until localized regions reach a sufficiently high density. Lower resolution simulations carried out for as long as a thousand years show that syste ms of giant protoplanets with masses and orbits comparable to those of the observed extrasolar planets arise naturally.

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