Paper:	Hybrid Particle–Fluid Methods for Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Flows
Volume:	406, Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows: ASTRONUM - 2008
Page:	169
Authors:	Boyd, I.D.
Abstract:	Two different hybrid particle–continuum methods are described for simulation of nonequilibrium gas and plasma dynamics. The first technique, used for nonequilibrium hypersonic gas flows, uses either a continuum description or a particle method throughout a flow domain based on local conditions. The second method uses a continuum model the electrons combined with a particle description of the ions and atoms for simulating plasma jets. These examples illustrate that the multi-scale physical phenomena associated with nonequilibrium conditions can be simulated with physical accuracy and numerical efficiency using such hybrid approaches.

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