The papers in this volume are based upon talks given at the 2nd Crisis in Cosmology Conference (CCC-2) held 7-11 September 2008 in Port Angeles, Washington, USA, and sponsored by the Meta Research Organization (MRI), the International Academy for Cosmological Studies (IACS) and the Virtual Institute of Rational Astrophysics (VIRA). As a continuation of the 1st Crisis in Cosmology Conference (CCC-1) held in 2005 in Monção, Portugal, the contributions herein emphasize alternative interpretations of the astrophysical and cosmological data collected from numerous sources, including satellites and ground-based telescopes.

The conference began with investigations into the reality of cosmic expansion and the possible origins of the background microwave radiation, including interpreting hydrogen cloud separation data, utilizing the Tolman surface brightness test of galaxies, searching for time dilation in the quasar light curves, and examining the limits of LCDM cosmology. Presentation on the properties of quasar redshifts, the evolution of large scale structures, and the physics ground rules for evaluating alternative cosmologies followed, as well as discussion of several alternative cosmology proposals based upon familiar physical principles and recent data. Some new alternative redshift mechanisms involving novel scattering processes near starts and in the intergalactic medium leading to the Hubble relationship were discussed. Dark matter and dark energy alternatives were also proposed. The final paper presents two unique diagrams predicting the angular distance as a function of redshift (reproduced on the front cover) and the luminosity distance as a function of redshift for 12 cosmological models so that the definitive predictions of these cosmologies can be seen in comparison to the standard LCDM cosmology. The accumulation of more data in the near future should enable researchers to distinguish which cosmological model agrees best with the empirical evidence.