This volume is based on talks given at ASTRONUM-2007. This conference is the second in a series of international conferences organized by the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics of the University of California at Riverside and the Laboratory for Research of the Fundamental Laws of the Universe of the French Commissariat of Atomic Energy. The conference subjects include turbulence and cosmic ray transport, astrophysical flows, space plasma flows, kinetic and hybrid simulations, numerical methods, algorithms, and frameworks, and data handling and visualization. All of these are of great importance for scientists investigating solar structure, the heliosphere, the Sun-Earth connection, and various astrophysical phenomena. The problems discussed at the conference involved significantly different scales, regions, or particle populations for which several sets of defining equations or concepts are necessary to understand the physical system in its entirety. This book will be of interest to specialists in applied mathematics, astrophysics, space physics, and computer science who apply novel numerical algorithms to the contemporary problems in these fields. Graduate students will find it a useful reference of the fundamental approaches to solving the fluid dynamics and Boltzmann equations governing space plasma flows.